(一)定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)

1、關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as

2、關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用， 同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。

e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語)

The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語)

3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法：1)當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語，whom作賓語;2)當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which ，可作主語或賓語;3)先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that ，可作主語或賓語;4)whose用作定語，可指人或物;5)關(guān)系副詞when(指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，where(指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語)，why(指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語)。

(二)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句

1、限制性定語從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。

e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語從句，意思就不完整)

2、非限制性定語從句：從句對(duì)先行詞關(guān)系不密切，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開，不能that用引導(dǎo)。

e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，整個(gè)句子可分成兩句來翻譯)

(三)使用定語從句時(shí)特別注意的幾個(gè)問題

1、that與which的區(qū)別。

1)用that而不用 which的情況：①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;②先行詞有最高級(jí)修飾，有序數(shù)詞修飾;③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。

e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。

Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識(shí)的唯一的外國(guó)人。

2)用which而不用 that的情況：

①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;

②代表整個(gè)主句的意思;

③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。

e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格，這使他的父親很生氣。

This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。

3)as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)的用法

①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于the same … as, such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中。

e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。

②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個(gè)句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。

4)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別

①當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時(shí)，用as;反之，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.

He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

②當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)。

e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。

e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語說得很流利。

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

3. 定語從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞，中間由一個(gè)定語、狀語或謂語隔開。

e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

4. 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞 + which”來代替。

e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

5. 當(dāng)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，短語動(dòng)詞的各個(gè)固定部分不要拆開。

e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

6. 介詞在關(guān)系代詞前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略;介詞在句尾，關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who，且可省略。

e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.

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